InsideEvents Programming

InsideEvents is an international podcast hosted by Dr Mike Duignan, featuring 50+ scholars and practitioners talking about ideas, concepts, “Difficult Conversations” and “Wicked Problems” in events. Below, you can find all podcasts currently published and scheduled, and to the right you can cluck to find out more about the aim of each series.

  • Apart from “difficult conversations” and “wicked problems” most of the InsideEvents podcasts are dedicated to explore ideas and concepts related to events, from “event portfolios” to “legacies” and all the ideas in between.

  • There are a lot of difficult conversations that event owners, organisers, governments and critical commentators are having, and that are needed to have, to tackle some of the most pressing - often existential - challenges facing the events industry. "Difficult Conversations” is a special track of InsideEvents podcasts designed to bring key stakeholders together to openly discuss these issues. These podcasts will be launched in 2024, covering a range of issues. Examples include:

    Does Saudia Arabia’s quest for global sport event domination represent an attempt at “Sportswashing”?

    Do major events, like the Super Bowl, increase risks of human trafficking and modern-day slavery?

    Events often manifest as “cities within cities” and often fail to engage meaningfully with the host destination: Why is this and to what extent is this true?

    Is development associated with mega-events incompatible with sustainable social and economic development principles?

    What are the benefits of failed bids?

    Can FIFA ever clean up its image of corruption and human rights scandals?

    Race and sporting events in the USA": What progress has been made in the last century 1920’s to 2020s?

    Is Paris 2024 just a project to extend a gentrified “Grand Paris”?

    Do we do enough to promote a strategic “event portfolio” approach to scheduling events in the calendar for destinations? What are the barriers?

    Why is it that major- and mega-events consistently overestimate benefits and underestimate costs? Is this part of the game? Can we do anything about it?

    Is it fair to judge cities and countries like Qatar on human rights with the same standard as developed nations (who also historically had dubious rights records)?

  • Hosting events, particularly large-scale major- or -mega-events have become more complex both in terms of the business environment they find themselves in, and the operational and strategic demands around sustainable development and the legacies they leave behind.

    This special track of InsideEvents applies some of the principles of wicked problem solving to interrogate and seek solutions to some of these pressing issues in the bidding, planning, delivery and legacies of large-scale events. The thing that makes events interesting is that they not only produce wicked problems (e.g. planning issues), they can also tackle non-event related problems too (e.g. tackle everyday socio-economic challenges in the destination).

    The principles of wicked problems is ideal to frame these discussions as they are all inherently complex with no “stopping rule” and not always a clear “right or wrong” solution. This is because events are always situated in social contexts that have their own norms and values, therefore, each problem is always inherently different with various local economic, political, social and cultural factors influencing processes and outcomes. And finally, solutions to wicked problems are always “one shot” operations, which is often the case for one-off events, like the FIFA World Cup, Super Bowl, to the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

    Examples of topics include:

    1. How do we produce lasting legacies out of events that are fundamentally temporary?

    2. Are events and festivals doing enough to be environmentally friendly and encourage pro-environmental behaviours?

    3. How do we balance hedonic experiences with the need for social responsibility (e.g. pro-environmental behavior at festivals)?

    4. How do we design and deliver major events that result in minimal human rights violations?

Skip to Videos
  • Prof Jane Ali-Knight (Edinburgh Napier University) on 'Event Leadership'

    Prof Jane Ali-Knight (Edinburgh Napier University) on 'Event Leadership'

    Podcast blurb: Jane examines the concept and practice of leadrship in the events industry.

    Jane’s bio: Dr. Jane Ali-Knight is a Professor in Festival and Event Management at Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland and a Visiting Research Professor at Curtin University, Perth. She is currently leading and developing the festival and event subject group as well as lecturing at Universities internationally and facilitating training and development in the field. Her core activities fall into three main areas: event and festival related programmes; research and publications and conferences and professional events. She is currently a board member of BAFA (British Arts and Festivals Association), Without Walls, Women in Tourism and Hidden Door Festival and is a Fellow of the HEA and Royal Society of the Arts.

    Further resources and reading:

    General articles reviewing leadership development theory (some reference to transformative leadership, leader identity, and efficacy): Day et al., (2021) “Advancing the science of 21st – century leadership development: Theory, research, and practice”, The Leadership Quarterly, 32(5)

    Marques, J .& Dhimam,S (2017) in Frederick S. , Southwick M.D., Brenda L. , Martini M.A., Dennis S. , Charney M.D., Steven M. , Southwick M.D. (2017) Leadership and Resilience in Leadership Today: Practices for Personal & Professional Performance 315-334, Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31036-7_18

    Empowering leadership: Hoang, G., Wilson-Evered, E., Lockstone-Binney, L. and Luu, T.T.. (2021) ‘Empowering leadership in hospitality and tourism management: a systematic literature review’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(12), 4182–4214. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0323.

    Transformative leadership: Wang, Y. and Li, M. (2022) ‘Leadership, creativity, and recovery from crisis in rural tourism’, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 27(6), 652–670. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2022.2106145.

    Leader identity development and Leader Role Efficacy (LRE): Kwok et al. (2021) I can, I am: Differential predictors of leader efficacy and identity trajectories in leader development, The Leadership Quarterly, 32(5)

    LRE: Machida, M. and Schaubroeck, J. (2011) The Role of Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Leader Development, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 18(4), pp. 4590468.

    LRE: Anderson et al., (2008) A leadership self-efficacy taxonomy and its relation to effective leadership, The Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 5950-608.

    LRE: Seibert et al. (2017) Linking Development Experiences to Leader Effectiveness and Promotability: The Mediating Role of leadership Self-Efficacy and Mentor Network, Personnel Psychology, 70, 357-397

    Generic resources on leadership

    Cheong, M. et al. (2019) ‘A review of the effectiveness of empowering leadership’, The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), pp. 34–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.005.

    Hewitt, K.K., Davis, A.W. and Lashley, C. (2014) ‘Transformational and Transformative Leadership in a Research-Informed Leadership Preparation Program’, Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 9(3), pp. 225–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775114552329.

    Hoang, G. et al. (2021) ‘Empowering leadership in hospitality and tourism management: a systematic literature review’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(12), pp. 4182–4214. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0323.

    Holmberg, R., Larsson, M. and Bäckström, M. (2016) ‘Developing leadership skills and resilience in turbulent times’, Journal of Management Development, 35, pp. 154–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2014-0093.

    Kragt, D. and Guenter, H. (2018) ‘Why and when leadership training predicts effectiveness: The role of leader identity and leadership experience’, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(3), pp. 406–418. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2016-0298.

    Ladegard, G. and Gjerde, S. (2014) ‘Leadership coaching, leader role-efficacy, and trust in subordinates. A mixed methods study assessing leadership coaching as a leadership development tool’, The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), pp. 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.02.002.

    Lord, R.G. and Hall, R.J. (2005) ‘Identity, deep structure and the development of leadership skill’, The Leadership Quarterly, 16(4), pp. 591–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.06.003.

    MacKie, D. (2007) ‘Evaluating the effectiveness of executive coaching: Where are we now and where do we need to be?’, Australian Psychologist, 42(4), pp. 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060701648217.

    Muir, D. (2014) ‘Mentoring and Leader Identity Development: A Case Study’, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(3), pp. 349–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21194.

    Paglis, L.L. (2010) ‘Leadership self‐efficacy: research findings and practical applications’, Journal of Management Development, 29(9), pp. 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711011072487.

    Shields, C.M. (2010) ‘Transformative Leadership: Working for Equity in Diverse Contexts’, Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(4), pp. 558–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X10375609.

    Srivastava, A., Bartol, K.M. and Locke, E.A. (2006) ‘Empowering Leadership in Management Teams: Effects on Knowledge Sharing, Efficacy, and Performance’, The Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), pp. 1239–1251.

    Wang, Y. and Li, M. (2022) ‘Leadership, creativity, and recovery from crisis in rural tourism’, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 27(6), pp. 652–670. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2022.2106145.

    Generic resources women and leadership

    Baum, T. (2007) Human resources in tourism: Still waiting for change. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1383–1399. Baum, T. (2013) International Perspectives on Women and Work in Hotels, Catering and Tourism. International Labour Office Working Paper.

    Fernandez, M. (2023) Leadership in The Events Industry: A Woman’s Path To Success. https://helloendless.com/leadership-in-the-events-industry/

    Gibson, H; Jordan, F. and Berdychevsky, L. (2013) Women in Tourism in Freysinger, V.J. Shaw, S.M. Henderson, K.A. Bialeschki, M.D. Leisure, women and gender, 3rd edition, Venture Publishing, 229-244

    IBTM Event Management Gender Equality Report | IBTM Events

    Muñoz-Bullón, F. (2009) The gap between male and female pay in the Spanish tourism industry. Tourism Management, 30(5). 638–649.

    Pinar, M. McCuddy, M.K.; Birkan, I. and Kozak, M. (2011) Gender diversity in the hospitality industry: An empirical study in Turkey. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 73–81. UNWTO (2011) Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010. Madrid.

    Women 1st (2010). The case for change: Women working in hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism. UK.

    Leadership and Events

    Abson, Emma. (2021). Event Leadership - Theory and Methods for Event Management and Event Tourism. Goodfellows.

    Leigh, V, Lamont, M & Cairncross, G (2021) Event managers' leadership styles and attitudes towards resourcing volunteer training: Exploring variation and practice implications. Tourism Management Perspectives. 40, 100887 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100887.

    Abson, E. (2017) How event managers lead: Applying competency school theory to event management Event Management, 21(4) 403-419. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14998876105747

    Giudici, M & Filimonau, V. (2019) Exploring the linkages between managerial leadership, communication and teamwork in successful event delivery. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32 100558, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100558

    Goldblatt, J. (2005) Special Events: Event Leadership for A New World. (4th ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ

    Megheirkouni, M. (2018) Insights on practicing of servant leadership in the events sector

    Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 8 (2) 134-152. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-01-2017-0001

  • Dr David Jarman (Edinburgh Napier University) on 'Event-Related Networks'

    Dr David Jarman (Edinburgh Napier University) on 'Event-Related Networks'

    Podcast blurb: Networks matter to festivals, and all the people and organisations involved in putting them on. Individuals build careers by navigating a web of connections, shared projects, and employers past and present. Festival organisations bring together a wide array of employees, suppliers, performers and more, each at the heart of their own criss-crossing network. Researchers need to recognise the insights that a network-focused approach can bring, and which social network analysis (SNA) can support and allow. This is work that at the very least complements more familiar stakeholder-based research, and can potentially supersede it in terms of detail, dynamism, flexibility and rigour.

    David’s bio: David Jarman is a lecturer at Edinburgh Napier University, where he has led the BA (Hons) International Festival & Event Management since 2007. David completed his PhD in September 2022, with Tilburg University in the Netherlands, having focused on social network analysis, festival communities, and the value of taking a network-focused perspective to the critical study of events. He has also worked for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society and other festivals, providing first hand experience of the importance of networks to both individuals and organisations.

    Further reading and resources:

    David’s PhD, containing half a dozen papers exploring and applying SNA in festival communities: https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/social-network-analysis-and-festival-relationships-personal-organ

    Special issue with Greg Richards:

    https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cog/em/2021/00000025/00000001

    Richards "Events in the Network Society":

    https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cog/em/2015/00000019/00000004/art00010

    Fisker, Kwiatkowski & Hjalager, responding to the Richards's work: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14649365.2019.1573437

  • Dr Kamilla Swart-Arries (Hamad Bin Khalifa University) on 'Major Events in the Middle East'

    Dr Kamilla Swart-Arries (Hamad Bin Khalifa University) on 'Major Events in the Middle East'

    Podcast blurb: This video highlights current and emerging patterns in the event industry in the Middle East region, especially focusing on countries in the Gulf. One of the most significant trends is the rapid increase in the hosting major international sporting events. Many of these countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Saudi Arabia are investing in sport and hosting these events as part of the respective countries’ economic diversification strategies, profiling their destinations and attracting visitors from around the world. Qatar’s hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup and Formula 1 in several countries, amongst others, are used as illustrative cases of recent and future trends.

    Kamilla’s bio: Dr. Kamilla Swart is Associate Professor and Director of the Masters in Sport and Entertainment Management program, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation. Her research interests include sport and event tourism, with a specific focus on mega-events, impacts, sustainability, legacy and inclusion in sport. Her work focuses on contributing to sport, tourism and event knowledge in the developing context, and in the global South in particular. She worked closely with Qatar Foundation 2022 FIFA World Cup Master Program and the Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy in driving the 2022 FIFA World Cup Research Agenda.

    Further reading and resources:

    Academic journals

    There are a number of academic journals that publish articles on event trends (and sport) in the Middle East:

    o Event Management

    o Journal of Destination Marketing and Management

    o Journal of Global Sport Management

    o Journal of Arabian Studies

    Books

    • Routledge Handbook of Sport in the Middle East – Eds. Danyel Reuche, Paul M. Brannagan 2022.

    https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Sport-in-the-Middle-East/Reiche-Brannagan/p/book/9780367470227

    • The Geopolitical Economy of Sport: Power, Politics, Money, and the State – Eds. Simon Chadwick, Paul Widdop, Michael M. Goldman 2023

    https://www.routledge.com/The-Geopolitical-Economy-of-Sport-Power-Politics-Money-and-the-State/Chadwick-Widdop-Goldman/p/book/9781032390598

    • Sport Management in the Middle East A Case Study Analysis – Eds. Mohammed Ben Sulayem, Sean O'Connor, David Hassan 2015

    https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203131770/sport-management-middle-east-mohammed-ben-sulayem-sean-connor-david-hassan

    • Research Handbook on Major Sport Events by HarryArne Solberg, Rasmus Storm and Kamilla Swart (anticipated publication date – Jan. 2024)

    https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/research-handbook-on-major-sporting-events-9781800885646.html

    Associations: There are several associations that provide information on events trends in the Middle East. Some of these include:

    o IFEA International Festival and Events Association Middle East

    https://www.ifea.com/p/about/ifeaglobalaffiliates/ifeamiddleeast

    o ICCA International Congress and Conference Association Middle East

    https://www.iccaworld.org/about-icca/chapters-sectors/chapters/middle-east-chapter/

    In addition to the academic and practical resources mentioned above, people can also attend events and conferences that focus on events trends in the Middle East.

    • Arabian Travel Market

    https://www.wtm.com/atm/en-gb.html

    • Middle East Event Summit

    https://informaconnect.com/middle-east-event-show/

    University programs (which have sport management-related degrees)

    • HBKU

    https://www.hbku.edu.qa/en/cse/ms-sport-entertainment-management

    • QU

    http://www.qu.edu.qa/artssciences/departments/sports-science/bsc-sports-science

    • AUE

    https://aue.ae/master-of-sports-management/

  • Prof David McGillivray (University of the West of Scotland) on 'Event Bidding'

    Prof David McGillivray (University of the West of Scotland) on 'Event Bidding'

    Podcast blurb: On this podcast we discuss the concept of event bidding, highlighting the politics, current processes and future trends affecting the landscape of sporting and cultural events. We outline changes to bidding processes with examples drawn from international cases.

    David’s bio: Prof David McGillivray holds a Chair in Event and Digital Cultures in the Centre for Culture, Sport and Events at University of the West of Scotland. His research interests focus on the contemporary significance of events and festivals (sporting and cultural) as markers of identity and mechanisms for the achievements of wider economic, social and cultural externalities. He has held several research grants in this area, most recently leading the HERA-funded ‘Festspace’ project on ‘Festivals, events and inclusive public spaces in Europe’.

    Further reading and resources:

    Event Bidding: Politics, Persuasion and Resistance: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315563367/event-bidding-david-mcgillivray-daniel-turner

    Event Bidding and New Media Activism: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1698648

    Local resident support for hosting a major sport event: the role of perceived personal and community impacts: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16184742.2021.1937263

    Bidding to Host a Mega Sporting Event: https://sporthumanrights.org/library/bidding-to-host-a-mega-sporting-event/

  • Dr Martin Schnitzer (University of Innsbruck) on 'Resident Support for Major Events'

    Dr Martin Schnitzer (University of Innsbruck) on 'Resident Support for Major Events'

    Podcast blurb: After many negative referendums on the Olympic Games and increased skepticism about events on the local population, the topic has also been brought into focus by the scientific community. Why are residents very often against staging major (sports)events? What are the backgrounds? What do policy makers have to do to get the population excited about events again is one of the research topics of Martin Schnitzer, who researches and teaches at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and who has managed and organized many large events by himself.

    Martin’s bio: Martin Schnitzer, a German-speaking Italian from (South) Tyrol has switched to academia after an intense 15 years in the event industry (bidding and staging of major sporting events). Martin's experiences in the context of the Torino 2006 Winter Olympics, the UEFA EURO 2008 in Austria / Switzerland or the bidding for the 1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in Innsbruck, Austria helped in bridging theory to practice. As a professor of sports economics, his research focus is on sports development, sports tourism and, in particular, the analysis of the costs and benefits of major sporting events. In this context, the analysis of intangible effects of sport events and event support has become his main research interest.

    Further reading and resources:

    Schnitzer-et-al-Overtourism-and-mega-events

    Feilhauer-er-al-2022-Olympic-Games-Reloaded-can-the-Agenda-2020-push-residents-support-for-the-mega

    Schnitzer-et-al-2020-Influence-of-Event-and-Place-Image-Event-Support

  • Prof Holger Preuss (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) on 'Legacy'

    Prof Holger Preuss (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) on 'Legacy'

    Podcast blurb: This video will introduce the concept of legacy of sport events. It explains its complexity to measure, misperceptions and needs to be researched. In easy words and with examples Prof. Dr Holger Preuss explains the basis of his research and how it is applied to the IOC legacy strategy as well as to the German Strategy on Major Sport events.

    Holger’s bio: Holger Preuss is professor of sports economics and sports sociology at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. He is also Adjunct Professor at the University of Ottawa, Canada, and an international scholar at the State University of New York (Cortland). He has published 16 books and more than 160 papers in international journals and books. His research area is focused on economic and socio-economic aspects of sport events, their legacy and sustainability. He is currently working with the German Olympic Committee (DOSB) on a future Olympic bid. He is president of the evaluation committee for the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games on behalf of Paris 2024, IOC and OECD. Holger Preuss is a member of the IOC Legacy and Sustainability Commission, a member of the UIPM (Union International Pentathlon Modern) "Innovation Commission" and a member of the WFDF (World Flying Disc Federation) "Ethics Commission".

    Further reading and resources:

    Girginov, V., Preuss, H. (2022). Towards a conceptual definition of intangible Olympic legacy. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 13(1), 1-17. DOI

    Preuss, H., Hong, S.-P. (2021). Olympic Legacy: Status of Research. Journal of Global Sport Management, 6(3), 205-211. DOI

    Scheu, A., Preuß, H., Könecke, T. (2021). The Legacy of the Olympic Games: A Review. Journal of Global Sport Management, 6(3), 212-233.

    Preuss, H., Plambeck, A. (2020). Utilization of Olympic Stadiums: a conceptual stadium legacy framework. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(1), 10-31. DOI

    Duignan, M.B., Carlini, J., and Parent, M. (2023). Host community salience loss across major sport event planning. European Sport Management Quarterly, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2023.2237063.

    Köningstorfer, J., Boccaro, J. N., Byers, T., et al. (2019). Mapping research on legacy of mega sporting events : structural changes, consequences, and stakeholder evalutions in empiricial studies. Leisure studies, 38(6), Seiten: 729-745. Author/Publisher URL

    Preuß, H. (2019). Event legacy framework and measurement. International journal of sport policy and politics, 11(1), Seiten: 103-118. Author/Publisher URL

    Duignan, M.B. (2023). Thirty years of event-related research. Annals of Tourism Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103556

    Lienhard, P., und Preuß, H. (2014). Legacy, sustainability and CSR at mega sport events : an analysis of the UEFA EURO 2008 in Switzerland (S. 255 S.). Wiesbaden:Springer Gabler. Author/Publisher URL

    Duignan, M.B. (2022). Utilizing Field Theory to Examine Mega-Event Led Development. Event Management, https://doi.org/10.3727/152599520X15894679115583 (Open Access).

    Preuß, H. (2014). ʽLegacyʼ revisited. In J. Grix (Hrsg.), Leveraging legacies for sports mega-events : concepts and cases (S. Seiten: 24-38). Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Dr Chris Gaffney (New York University) on the 'Realpolitik of Major Events'

    Dr Chris Gaffney (New York University) on the 'Realpolitik of Major Events'

    Podcast blurb: Sports mega-events emerged in an era of European militarization and colonial expansion. The ideals of the Olympic Games are predicated on sublimated warfare between nations - a global race for scarce resources (medals/metals). The vested interests that coalesce around the production and consumption of mega-events are integral to the workings of global capitalism. Thus, mega-events are apt lenses to observe the workings of geopolitics, local politics, and capitalism in all its variegated manifestations. The realpolitick of mega-events offers a viewpoint from which we can see the intersections of elite sport, urbanization, cultural identities, and the shifting balance of global political power. In this interview, Gaffney explores all of these themes, calling for an end to mega-events as they are inherently extractive and damaging to life.

    Chris’s bio: Christopher Gaffney is a Clinical Associate Professor in the Tisch Center for Hospitality in the School of Professional Studies at New York University. A Vermont-born, Texas-trained geographer, Gaffney has taught in Taiwan, Brazil, Switzerland, and at several universities the United States. His earlier work focused on the intersection of urban studies and sports mega-events. Gaffney´s 2008 monograph, Temples of the Earthbound Gods, explored the interdigitation of urban development and sporting cultures in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro.

    Fluent in Spanish and Portuguese, Gaffney served as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Latin American Geography from 2014-2018, guiding the journal´s award-winning transformation. Gaffney has appeared in a slew of documentary films and is often quoted in the world´s leading media outlets. Gaffney ran an influential blog in the lead up to the 2016 Olympics, Hunting White Elephants, and has written extensively on the impacts and realpolitik of sports mega-events across numerous formats. Prior to joining NYU in 2018, Gaffney was the Project Manager for Team Rubicon's disaster relief efforts in post-Maria Puerto Rico.

    Further reading and resources

    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/how-politics-has-changed-modern-day-sports-9945631/

    https://nupoliticalreview.org/2019/02/26/politics-and-sports-a-long-and-complicated-relationship/

    https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/environment-and-society/10/1/ares100104.xml

    https://olympics.com/ioc/members

    Jules Boykoff: https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/634757.Jules_Boykoff